Designing A Common Web Based System For The University Essay

Abstract—Student Tracking System is a fully functional and easy to use, integrated, secure web application, designed to meet the unique information management needs for students, faculties and for administrators; providing innovative tools to save time and help them achieve their goals. The goal of this project is to create a common web based system for the university; which would allow administrators to manage programs, courses, prerequisites, class schedules for each department at single place throghout any quarter; and this would allow faculties to monitor students’ academic progress; manage class SCHEDULE; to approve or to decline the students’ permission to enroll in his class; track number of enrolled students as well as number of pending students for enrollment, to post assignments, to view students submitted solutions for the assignments or homework ; to post the grades and assignments through this web application and also allowing students to view thei r current quarter class schedule, grades, assignments and assignment scores, and also allows them to register classes. Not only this, but students can also obtain guidance regarding the courses to be taken based on the priorities such as Prerequisites, Core courses or Electives. Additionally, the system provides a secure file submittal system, through which students can submit assignments or homework in electronic format directly to instructors. Keywords-web-based system; e-learning; student tracking I. INTRODUCTIONShow MoreRelatedWebsite Development for the Australian Education Consultancy Global1676 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis We are going to develop this project for the company AEC Global. Actually this website will be very helpful for students, because here we provide Australia study guide. It contains the information’s about a. Education Services †¢ Universities †¢ Courses †¢ Scholarships b. Career Counseling c. Migration Service d. airport pickup/accommodation for students e. Fees structure f. VISA Application procedure 1.1. 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As networks and computer systems become pervasive, vulnerabilities, Flaws, security threats and risks grow more rapidly than in many other technologies. Security specialists and experts are trying to create Solutions for each typeRead MoreProject Analysis : Cloud Architectures1298 Words   |  6 Pages which is presently in production utilizing the on-demand components that Amazon Web Services offer. The author wished to find out if the application could enable a developer to match patterns through many web documents. In this regard, the researcher found it useful in bringing up on- demand millions of virtual servers. Further, Varia wanted to find out the best practices, which could be used on each of the web services provided by Amazon. The result would shed light in to whether the servicesRead MoreImplications for Today’s Online Educators Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesextracted and retained for novice web-based instructors. 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It is important to understand these strategiesRead MoreInside Storage Resources And Services Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pages ABSTRACT Today’s world is about to cloud storage resources and services. Main advantage of cloud service is that they are available 24/7 anywhere. Pocket Drive is also one part of services which cloud storage provides. It is web application which provides 100MB of free storage where you can store your files, images, audio, videos and documents. You can extend this storage limit by paying small amount per month. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Project Summary :- Pocket drive Application is about storing

The Madness Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare - 2259 Words

Thirdly, Hamlet feigned madness was another cause of delay to his avenging his father’s death. He feigned madness to enable him to buy time to make a decision and plan on how to kill Claudius. Although people like Grenadier believed that Hamlet was really mad by saying â€Å"This is no mock-madness, to see it as such is to miss the power of the central theme of the play, Hamlet walks alone within the prison of mental death† (Grenadier 70). These does not help him much because Claudius does not believe that he is actually mad that is why he sent for Guildenstern and Rosencrantz Hamlet long time friend’s to spy on him and found out the reason for his behavior. Hamlet himself does not completely act insane, the only scene where madness may be inferred is when Hamlet killed Polonius, and Hamlet killing Polonius might be an accident, probably he thought he was Claudius, but even if he presume him to be Polonius, he equally dislike him by calling him a â€Å"fish mug ger† (Act 11, scene 2 ). This means he does not trust him. Polonius is dishonest than a fish mugger. His killing of Polonius reversed roles for Hamlet and Claudius. It is now the prince who becomes the pursued and the king who become the pursuer. Claudius, certain now of Hamlets being a threat to his safety, is able to hustle the prince off to England and remove him from the place where alone he can pursue his task of vengeance, precisely when he has established the basis for a just revenge, Hamlet actually losesShow MoreRelatedThe Madness Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1047 Words   |  5 PagesTate McWhorter Period: 3 The Madness in Hamlet In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, madness is a condition which is difficult to identify whether it is genuine or fraudulent. After the encounter with the ghost of Hamlet Sr. and Hamlet, Hamlet decides to put on an antic disposition. But thereafter he decides this, Hamlet s actions embody someone that is truly mad. This is how Shakespeare makes it difficult to determine if Hamlet is truly mad. Although through his feigned actions and the reactions fromRead MoreMadness : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1323 Words   |  6 PagesConnie Merer English 12 C Block 12/16/14 Madness in Hamlet Madness can be interpreted in many different ways, one of which being extremely foolish behavior. William Shakespeare s play, Hamlet, explores this definition within the title character’s journey after the death of his father. Throughout the play Hamlet has glimpses of sanity, but ultimately the tragedy of losing his father causes all of his idiotic behavior. He allows himself to listen to what appears to be the ghost of his father, andRead MoreMotif of Madness in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesMotif of Madness in Hamlet by William Shakespeare It is the driving force of mankind that has delivered man from the age of stone to that of industry. This force is also the essential ingredient that produces the inescapable prison of the mind, a frightful disease that may be viewed as the greatest irony of life. Pain is a dreadful disease in which every individual has felt the everlasting effects. The grief of pain can become a crashing wave that leaves behind only a semblance of sanityRead MoreThe Theme Of Madness In Frankenstein, Hamlet, By William Shakespeare1193 Words   |  5 Pagesstate of a madman, and these just so happen to perfectly describe some characters in the works we have read and discussed. The theme of madness is heavily displayed in the literature pieces of Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, and Hamlet, by William Shakespeare. Victor Frankenstein, The Creature, Hamlet, and are the characters that most express the course theme of madness in the works. These characters display similarities on their way to that unst able state of mind. In the novel Frankenstein by Mary ShelleyRead MoreMadness By William Shakespeare s Hamlet1811 Words   |  8 PagesWhat Seems Madness, Creates Madness Shakespeare’s Hamlet plays with the idea of madness throughout the story. Hamlet appears at times to be mad and at other times to be entirely sane, and then Ophelia begins sane and delves into madness by Hamlet’s actions. But Hamlet takes his actions most often through reason. He knows the ghost he saw is true because of the witnesses alongside him. He even takes precautions to confirm his uncle’s guilt by means of a play. While Hamlet may be prone to inactionRead MoreHamlet By William Shakespeare : A Tragic Story That Entangles Madness, Deception, And Lies993 Words   |  4 PagesThe play â€Å"Hamlet†, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic story that entangles madness, deception, and lies in order to have revenge present in â€Å"Hamlet.† Throughout the play Hamlet seeks out his revenge on his uncle affecting everyone around him, as well as others who seek out revenge. By doing so those around Hamlet become part of the web Hamlet has weaved just t o carry his fathers demand. In the play various people seek out revenge but through the plans of revenge it inevitably brings tragedy andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Uncertain Madness And Insanity1401 Words   |  6 PagesUncertain Madness and Insanity Madness can drive a person to do actions that could be described as weird, strange, concerning, and disturbing. Hamlet, the main character in the play Hamlet, leads people on to believe he has gone mad and insane. There is a debate that if Hamlet is truly mad, or if he is faking being mad. Also if he Hamlet does slip into insanity in the play at any point. Well with the evidence shown in the play, Hamlet is faking going into madness for most of part. Hamlet does inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Ophelia s Struggle And Madness1088 Words   |  5 Pages1 Pregnant with Madness— Ophelia’s Struggle and Madness in Hamlet Yi-Chi Chen Intergrams 11.2(2011): http://benz.nchu.edu.tw/~intergrams/intergrams/112/112-cyc.pdf ISSN: 1683-4186 Abstract Madness in Hamlet is one of the crucial themes for Shakespeare to depict the chaotic turbulence in the Hamlet family and the court of Denmark. Due to Claudius’s usurpation of the Old Hamlet’s crown and queen, characters such as Hamlet, Ophelia, and Gertrude suffer seriously from betrayal, resentment, and enragementRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - A Feminist Criticism Lens We Can Better Understand The Origin Of Her Madness913 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a great debate surrounding what instigated Ophelia’s madness in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. By examining Ophelia through a feminist criticism lens we can better understand the origin of her madness. Ophelia spend her life devoutly obeying her father. When Ophelia attempts to describe the nature of her and Prince Hamlet’s relationship and discloses that â€Å"He hath, my lord, of late made many tenders / Of his affection to me,† (1. 3. 100-101) her father ridicules her feelings and statesRead MoreEssay on Hamlets Antic Disposition1487 Words   |  6 Pages      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeares famous tragedy Hamlet, the main character of the story is one majestically elaborated, aside from being quite complex. There are infinite volumes written about this character because Shakespeare leaves no firm proof of many of his character traits. Yet on Hamlets antic disposition, meaning his obviously absurd temperament or madness, Shakespeare leaves plenty of reason to believe that it is feigned, meaning that it is simply a ploy to help Hamlet carry out his

Sympathy For Gulliver Essay Research Paper In free essay sample

Sympathy For Gulliver Essay, Research Paper In the novel, Gulliver # 8217 ; s Travels by Jonathan Swift, the chief character, Gulliver, is in fact sympathetic. Gulliver is a really typical European adult male. He is middle-aged, good educated, and reasonable. He takes four separate ocean trips to four fantastical societies. He can sort of be seen as a Goldilocks figure. He tries out a scope of utmost societies. One excessively little, one excessively big, one excessively theoretical, and one excessively simple. He is attracted to the simpleness of the last society but is non allowed to remain. Of all the characters in the book, Gulliver is portrayed as the sympathetic character. His first escapade, in a state called Lilliput, the reader begins to sympathise with Gulliver. Everyone is no larger than six inches tall in this state. When he foremost arrives at that place, he is tied down but is subsequently treated slightly kindly. He admires the Lilliputians courage, since they climb onto his organic structure despite his great size. He finally learns the linguistic communication of the people and is allowed his freedom. Gulliver is seen as an tremendously powerful force in Lilliput, and yet he is besides viewed as simply another topic of the Emperor. Gulliver allows this intervention, even though it is obvious that he could kill the Lilliputians easy. His desire to be accepted into Lilliputian society is likely a transfer from his wonts in Europe ; he is used to being the topic of a sovereign and to obeying orders, even when the individual giving them is little plenty to suit onto his thenar. He is subsequently supposed to be blinded by the Lilliputians, but escapes to Blefescu, who are the Lilliputians enemies. He has an easy clip converting both sides to allow him go forth to travel back to his civilisation. This is merely the first clip that Gulliver has such sick fortune. Gulliver shortly finds himself in a new escapade where fortune is non on his side. He becomes restless once more when he gets back to England so he sets sail to Madagascar, but neer makes it. He ends up in Brobdingnag. After sing his ain illustriousness in size during his visit to Lilliput, he is now subjected to the Lilliputians # 8217 ; state of affairs. The people of Brobdingnag are all giants and he is the undistinguished being. A husbandman, who finds Gulliver in a field, takes him in. He shortly finds that he is powerless against many things and has problem supporting himself from onslaughts by little animals such as rats. The husbandman finally puts Gulliver on show ten times a twenty-four hours as a wonder in the largest metropoliss of Brobdingnag. The lone individual at this point who shows Gulliver kindness is the husbandman # 8217 ; s girl whom he calls Glumdalclitch. She treats him like a toy and dresses him up in dolls # 8217 ; apparels. The Queen, holding heard of Gu lliver, shortly orders him to be brought to the palace. She is so delighted with him that she pays the husbandman a thousand gold pieces to have him. He has much misfortune while in the ownership of the Queen. He demonstrates his inability to protect himself and still relies on the Glumdalclitch, who is populating in the dramatis personae lupus erythematosus. He is injured by monkeys, midgets, hail, and by the court’s general mistreatment of him. His long treatment with the King about Europe and his civilization left him experiencing humiliated and undistinguished. The King told him that â€Å"the baulk of your indigens are the most baneful race of small abominable varmint that nature of all time suffered to creep upon the surface of the earth.† The King besides wants Gulliver to propagate so his progeny can be given as pets but he is afraid of reprobating his ain species to a life of bondage and insignificance. Everything Gulliver does in Brobdingnag is reduced to a degree of pettiness. He is nil more than a illumination plaything to the giants. Gulliver returns to his universe when an bird of Jove picks up a box he is in and drops it into the ocean where he is rescued. He is treated the worse in, by far, in Brobdingnag due to his undistinguished size and inability to protect himself. Once once more Gulliver sets out, is thrown away class, and ends up in Laputa, which is much more complex than Lilliput or Brobdingnag but where he is the same size as the indigens are. The authorities floats over the remainder of the state and their aristocracy and scientific minds are merely interested in their ain theories and reveries. He can non transport a normal conversation because all they think about is mathematics and music. He readily yearns for a ship so he can return to England and is eventually allowed to go forth because he refused employment. Gulliver ends up a few months subsequently on a new island that is inhabited by superior Equus caballuss, called Houyhnhnms, and their inferior human-like retainers, called Yokel. He is shortly is disgusted with his ain race because he realizes that they are really much similar to the Yahoos. He admires the Equus caballus # 8217 ; s simple ways and is drawn into their society and believes that his is deeply flawed. Gulliver fin ds himself desiring to remain with the Equus caballuss but is unluckily non allowed to. The Equus caballuss do non like the thought of a Yahoo remaining with a Houyhnhnms so he is asked to go forth. When he returns to Europe he ends up passing more clip with Equus caballuss than he does with his ain household. He can non stand the thought of populating with these crude, ugly, beast-like animals even though he is one of them. In the terminal, the reader can non assist but sympathise with Gulliver over all the convulsion he has been through. Gulliver is portrayed as the sympathetic character in the novel Gulliver # 8217 ; s Travels. Swift uses each society to knock the European ways of life and do the reader experience even more regretful for Gulliver. By the terminal of his last escapade the reader understands and sympathizes with Gulliver # 8217 ; s actions. The reader should besides understand why he wants to remain with the Equus caballuss and non desire to return to his place in England. He went through so much in all of his journeys. In the first three societies he is non accepted but when he eventually finds one where he is happy in, he is non allowed to remain. All Gulliver wants is to be happy where he lives and because of his experiences he will neer be.

Importance Of Equity - Quality - Efficiency And Acceptability In The Hea

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Equity, Quality, Efficiency and Acceptability in the Healthcare Service System. Answer: Introduction The midwifery is popularly known as with women healthcare services where the midwives help service users in maternity situations like pregnancy, labours, post-birth services etc. The midwifery is kind of nursing and emergency services in maternity situation (Kirkham, 2010). Although being a small part of healthcare scenario the effectual and functional midwifery services play a very importance role in overall healthcare process because they are directly connect with birth and death situations. There are more than 23,000 midwives employed in Australian midwifery services (Gaskin, 2010). In this study, learner has analysed the importance of equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability in the Australian midwifery service delivery system. The study will detail the importance of evaluating midwifery healthcare services on the basis of quality, quality, efficiency and acceptability. An overview of Australian Healthcare system Wiliam (2010) studied an overall Australian Healthcare system considered to be a mixed healthcare system with providers from both public and private sector. The Australian healthcare system is a collaboration of different healthcare activities and processes whose aim is to support, promote, maintain, restore and deliver health to living organisms. This healthcare system is influenced by various internal and external environmental factors that form its overall structure, functionality, and outcomes. The Australian healthcare system follows The Beveridge Model where government or public finances the healthcare system via tax payment. Australia holds 3rd position for life expectancy, after Iceland and Switzerland in the International Life expectancy Data (Gaskin, 2010). The Rankings of healthcare, Australian healthcare system is best in effective care, safe care, patient-centred care, efficiency and productivity. Generally, the Australian populations holds a good health status as well as life expectancy of 84 for female and 80 for males (Starfield, 2012). The burdens of chronic heart diseases are only issue that create a high mortality rate of Australian (Kirkham, 2010). Figure1: Structural presentation of Australian Healthcare system (Source: Australia's health system (AIHW), 2016) Midwifery services in Australian Healthcare system The midwifery and nursing services being a very important part of primary healthcare where they work to deliver quality healthcare irrespective of the users case, creed, colour and other external identifications. In last few years, Country made a significant improvement in its maternity safety and quality services. The maternity services that include antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care play a very important role in this improvement in healthcare services. Australia is considered to be one of the best paternity services providing country at the global context (Gaskin, 2010). Importance of performance analysis The performance of healthcare system is analysed by specific healthcare assessment or evaluation process that determines the effectiveness of service delivery process. The multidimensional healthcare depends on various factors that work to deliver personal health care and services. Therefore, achievement of healthcare performance requires analysis in a multidimensional manner where the outcomes are analysed on the basis of specific evaluation criteria (Kirkham, 2010). According to Regan Wong (2010) any healthcare system whether it be midwifery or clinical care is evaluated as per their equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability. The performance evaluation is determined as per user perspective rather them providers perspective in healthcare. Therefore, equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability work as outcome indicators in evaluation process that are sufficient to describe the users perspective in healthcare. Further, Buykx et al. (2012) indicated that systematic healthcare system framework involves inputs, outputs and outcomes. The inputs occur at provider level but the outcomes and output are individual or user specific. Hence, patient-centred performance evaluation frameworks are designed in a manner where healthcare system is evaluated as per its impact on quality, equity, efficiency and acceptability. Gardner et al. (2011) studied that in midwifery healthcare evaluation a systematic approach where processes, outputs and outcomes are ev aluated to determine the achievement. Australian Healthcare systems There are models that simplify the structure of healthcare environment. Joumard, Andre Nicq (2010) indicated that Australian healthcare system including the primary healthcare (nursing and midwifery) is best presented using input, outputs, and outcomes model. World Health Organization (WHO) as an evaluation framework for its healthcare system is, also used this framework of Australian Healthcare System. The below-provided structure demonstrates a general view on system framework of Australian Healthcare Figure 2: Model of Australian Healthcare System (Source: Joumard, Andre Nicq, 2010) Evaluation of healthcare system and importance of equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability in evaluation framework There are a number of evaluation frameworks that are proposed by different authors to evaluate healthcare systems. For example- The American Public Health Association (APHA) framework evaluate healthcare on the basis of continuity, quality, accessibility and efficiency (American Nurses Association, 2010). Further, Armstrong Kendall (2010) indicated that main criteria for evaluation should be efficiency, effectiveness and equity. But, the Australian healthcare system follows a specific framework of evaluation (RoGs framework) whose major goal is to determine the equity, efficiency, quality and acceptability of outputs and outcomes described in the healthcare system. The importance of these four evaluation criteria to determine the effectiveness of Australian healthcare system is described below: - Equity Equity in healthcare is fairness or equals establishment for the achievement of equality based healthcare services. Any region or country persist a variety of cast, culture, creed, language and people having some specific individuality. The equity determined the equality in healthcare services for a different variety of individuals. The equity assessment involves ethnic and socio-economic equity (Gaskin, 2010). Equity determines the performance of healthcare services for fulfilling the healthcare necessities of a particular group in society. This measures the equity in access to healthcare services and outcomes. The equity is of two types, horizontal equity where equal healthcare is provided equally to all groups and vertical equity where equitable (fair) unequal healthcare is provided to the unequal group (Fineberg, 2012). Equity indicator measures the differences in class, race, origin, gender, geography and other factors in the outcomes of healthcare services in order to minimise these differences. Equity measurement helps to achieve equality and stability in healthcare inputs (Kirkham, 2010). However, Frenz Vega (2010) indicated that efficiency and quality are dependant on equity measurement. The equity versus efficiency issue depends on ones value position. Kringos et al. (2010) indicate that equity assessment or determining differences in healthcare are critically important to get the overall care processes acceptability, outputs effect. The equity assessment is very much essential but more difficult to achieve in healthcare scenario. Equity can be considered as the second dimension of acceptability and quality but still it is different from other evaluation criteria due to its specific objective that relates only to user satisfaction. This criterion of evaluation helps to determine the healthcare accessibility to disadvantageous groups like indigenous Australian who are under privileged in terms of health as well as wealth in Australia. Equity is the assessment criteria that focus on disadvantages groups in term of healthcare service delivery (Guindo et al. 2012). According to Starfield (2012), equity helps to determine the overall health states of disadvantageous women in midwifery healthcare. The fulfilment of sexual and reproductive healthcare is assessed for disadvantageous women that make equity an essential assessment criterion in midwifery services. Efficiency The efficiency describes the potential of the healthcare system in the technical, productive and allocative field. The technical efficiency indicates the cost of service delivery that is required to be maintained minimum that involves the input in the healthcare system. The productive efficiency optimal health services and care in all healthcare scenarios including primary, acute and post-acute care (Gaskin, 2010). The technical efficiency in assessment is determined by the patient treatment output and reflects on care management output. However, productive efficiency clearly determines the effect of inputs as per attained outcomes in patient services. Lastly, the allocative efficiency is the service provision at the level of expected standards that is focussed on outcomes (Guindo et al. 2012). Therefore, allocative efficiency can be manipulated as per the technical and productive efficiencies (minimising input as per outcomes or increasing outcome as per input). Wiliam (2010) indicated that efficiency assessment involves clinical outcomes measurement that can be quality of life, specific disease, illness or condition. This can be performed using clinical equipments like scales, genetic measures, quality measures etc. The efficiency being a part of productive effectiveness assesses the capability of healthcare program or strategy (output) to reach the ideal state (effective outcomes). According to Guindo et al. (2012) efficiency provides data in clinical terminologies that involves sufficient information regarding the defects in the input system of healthcare. By determining the efficiency of outcomes it is easy to adjust the requirements of its input. For example- A tuberculosis control program is not able to provide expected efficiency outcomes than either the program is eliminated from input system or modified to generate required outcome efficiency. In this manner, efficiency assessment is another important criteria that help to determine the overall impact of clinical services. Quality Quality is determining the level of outcomes as per expected criteria on the basis of health services provided to individual patient. Quality involves assessment of professional skills, knowledge, technique, environment and competency in healthcare scenario (Levett-Jones Bourgeois, 2010). Basically, quality determines the input criteria of healthcare services, as per studies of Spaeth-Rublee et al. (2010) the stakeholders, components, and service providers in healthcare form the assessment criteria for analysing the quality. These form the major portion of input in healthcare system. Quality determines that weather safe healthcare services are provided to users and the service outcomes are as per expectations. For example- clinical quality involves determination of care outcomes as per patient perspective. Raven et al. (2012) indicated that overall suitable healthcare quality involves social solidarity, sense of equality, high quality healthcare, and care effectiveness. Spaeth-Rublee et al. (2010) indicated that quality is considered to outcome of medical knowledge, practice and good intentions of service providers. The aspects like ethical certainty, trust and professionalism dominates the quality assessment criteria. In healthcare system of Australia, quality is influenced by various input and output factors, therefore, quality assessment works as a tool to analyse the overall functionality of organisation. According to Buykx et al. (2012) quality indicator involves the structure, process and outcome evaluation that has improved focus on quality improvement in last few years. Quality assessment is performed to assure complete quality management, quality assurance and incessant quality improvement in healthcare system. The quality assessment is essential to confirm healthcare achievement in complex dynamics of internal and external environmental factors that influences the functionality of healthcare. Raven et al. (2012) indicated that midwifery healthcare deals with maternity nursing services provided to women where the major focus is on nursing services rather than clinical treatments. The quality analysis specifically determines the effectiveness of healthcare services. Therefore, quality assessment forms a major component of midwifery healthcare assessment framework. The quality assessment determines the impact of policies, regulations, diseases programs, medical facilities, staff, infrastructure and medical procedures. Spaeth-Rublee et al. (2010) indicated that quality assessment is one of the most important component of almost 80% health assessment frameworks at the global level. Acceptability Acceptability determines the effectiveness of system safety, equity, quality and ethnicity as per patients, providers and communities perspective. This involves determining the level of satisfaction attained after healthcare service use (Levett-Jones Bourgeois, 2010). Wiliam (2010) indicated that being a major assessment goal of health outcomes, acceptability assessment is critically essential in public healthcare system evaluation where social and political support determines the resourcing level. The change if not accepted can widely affect the political environment; therefore, acceptability assessment is essential for publicly funded systems of healthcare. This makes acceptability assessment as an essential analysis criterion in Australian healthcare system because it is also a publically funded system highly under the social and political influence. Buykx et al. (2012) indicated that acceptability assessment works to determine the fairness and ethical environment practices in the healthcare system. The acceptability assessment revolves around four ethical principles of healthcare that are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. These ethical principles work in a contradictory manner where acceptance of one principle can harm the aspects of others. For example- if care providers protect the autonomy of patient for not taking medication than provider simultaneously harms his duty of care involving beneficence. Therefore, the acceptability of any healthcare system highly depends on its ethical equilibrium. By determining the acceptability the ethical functionality in healthcare system can be predicted, hence, acceptability assessment becomes another important assessment criteria due to its specificity towards ethical environment analysis approach. Conclusion The above essay clearly explains that healthcare service assessment critically and essentially depends on analysing the equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability. However, there are other criteria of evaluation that are adopted in different frameworks but for the Australian healthcare system framework evaluation criteria, these four factors completely describe the overall functionality of health system in an effective manner. Through this study, the overall identification and importance of equity, efficiency, quality and acceptability are clearly understood in the Australian healthcare system evaluation process. References American Nurses Association. (2010).Nursing's social policy statement: The essence of the profession. Nursesbooks. org. Gaskin, I. M. (2010).Spiritual midwifery. Book Publishing Company. Kirkham, M. (Ed.). (2010).The midwife-mother relationship. Palgrave Macmillan. Levett-Jones, T., Bourgeois, S. (2010).The clinical placement: An essential guide for nursing students. Elsevier Health Sciences. Armstrong, K., Kendall, E. (2010). Translating knowledge into practice and policy: the role of knowledge networks in primary health care.Health Information Management Journal,39(2), 9-17. Buykx, P., Humphreys, J. S., Tham, R., Kinsman, L., Wakerman, J., Asaid, A., Tuohey, K. (2012). How do small rural primary health care services sustain themselves in a constantly changing health system environment?. BMC Health Services Research,12(1), 1. Fineberg, H. V. (2012). A successful and sustainable health systemhow to get there from here.New England Journal of Medicine,366(11), 1020-1027. Frenz, P., Vega, J. (2010). Universal health coverage with equity: what we know, dont know and need to know. Montreux: Global Symposium on Health Systems Research. Gardner, K., Bailie, R., Si, D., O'Donoghue, L., Kennedy, C., Liddle, H., ... Dowden, M. (2011). Reorienting primary health care for addressing chronic conditions in remote Australia and the South Pacific: Review of evidence and lessons from an innovative quality improvement process.Australian Journal of Rural Health,19(3), 111-117. Guindo, L. A., Wagner, M., Baltussen, R., Rindress, D., van Til, J., Kind, P., Goetghebeur, M. M. (2012). From efficacy to equity: Literature review of decision criteria for resource allocation and healthcare decisionmaking.Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation,10(1), 1. Joumard, I., Andr, C., Nicq, C. (2010). Health care systems: efficiency and institutions. Kringos, D. S., Boerma, W. G., Hutchinson, A., van der Zee, J., Groenewegen, P. P. (2010). The breadth of primary care: a systematic literature review of its core dimensions.BMC health services research,10(1), 1. Raven, J. H., Tolhurst, R. J., Tang, S., Van Den Broek, N. (2012). What is quality in maternal and neonatal health care?.Midwifery,28(5), e676-e683. Regan, S., Wong, S. T. (2010).Patient perspectives on primary health care in rural communities: effects of geography on access, continuity and efficiency(Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia). Spaeth-Rublee, B., Pincus, H. A., Huynh, P. T., IIMHL Clinical Leaders Group. (2010). Measuring quality of mental health care: a review of initiatives and programs in selected countries.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,55(9), 539-548. Starfield, B. (2012). Primary care: an increasingly important contributor to effectiveness, equity, and efficiency of health services. SESPAS report 2012.Gaceta sanitaria,26, 20-26. Wiliam, D. (2010). What counts as evidence of educational achievement? The role of constructs in the pursuit of equity in assessment.Review of Research in Education,34(1), 254-284. Australia's health system (AIHW). (2016). Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 14 August 2016, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/australias-health/2014/health-system

Lieutenant Hornblower an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

Lieutenant Hornblower by Expert Prof. Bill | 08 Dec 2016 Lieutenant Hornblower: A General Look on the Novels Depiction of Historical Events There are many novelists who viewed history as a form of journey or adventure. Using fictitious or real characters, these novelists often exaggerate famous or infamous events in order to entice the reader to ask for more information (about the event). Exaggeration, for the most, creates an atmosphere of compassion, justice, and at times, moral flexibility on the minds of the readers. This is not to say that all historical novels attempt to exaggerate historical events and characters. There are some novels which, more or less, depict historical events with some degree of accuracy. Need essay sample on "Lieutenant Hornblower" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In any case, there are drawbacks when an author exaggerates historical events. There is tendency for both the author and the reader to give more credit to inpidual characters than to the historical events to which they are situated. Focus is therefore changed. Second, exaggeration causes misinterpretation on the part of the reader. For the most, the reader may interpret history as the work of great men not as the collective actions of inpiduals. History as the change of period is replaced as the epochs of famous men. Social scientists call this fallacy as misrepresentation of reality. In this paper, the author will analyze the correlation of the novel Lieutenant Hornblower to the historical events to which it is located. Summary of the Novel During the late 18th century, Napoleon rose to power in France. Eradicating his enemies, he pursued an aggressive war policy against the British Empire. Napoleon forced European nations to cancel trade and economic relations with the British Empire. By doing so, Napoleon hoped that he could destroy British maritime power (since Great Britain would be forced to reduce its naval expenses to cope up with economic difficulties). Before his policy could take effect, he ordered the French and Spanish fleets to attack the English fleet at Trafalgar. The British won a decisive victory. This is the historical period in which the novel was based. The character, Horatio Hornblower, is a persona modeled after Horatio Nelson, the British admiral who led the British fleet to victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. Like Lord Nelson, he was strong minded, courageous, and intelligent. He never conceived retreating as an option. Whenever possible, he would search for an opening in the enemy. Utilizing his cleverness, he would take advantage of any situation that might give him a chance for victory (Forester, 134). Often, his conquests in the high seas overshadowed his own personal failures; personal failures that can be rooted from his inability to maintain his composure when reason seemed to contradict his opinion. To many readers, Horatio Hornblower is a hero of simple origin, yet the embodiment of English values. During his youth, he worked tirelessly in the ports of England (Forester, 26). His career prospered. His first 15 years in the shipyards was truly fascinating. He became a midshipman, then a commodore, and finally an admiral. Because of his victories at sea, he was promoted almost yearly. He, therefore, became a legend. The Novels Misrepresentation of History A detailed reading of the novel would give the reader a clear glimpse of the historical period to which Hornblower is situated. However, by comparing the novel with historical texts, one is forced to admit that the novel has in many ways misrepresented the said historical period. Here are some: 1) English naval issues during the time of Napoleon were not concentrated on values creation but rather on strategic initiatives. Most of the British naval commanders at that time were not concerned with posture or will power but tactics (Hall et al, 517); 2) The author failed to emphasize the collective effort of inpiduals. By assuming that the leadership of a naval commander is sufficient to acquire victory, the author is impliedly saying that collective action is inferior to the acts of the great person (note that during the pseudo mutiny of Lt. Hornblower, he was the one leading the crew against the captain a form of perpetual focus); 3) On the macro political scale, the author also assumed that Napoleons defeat was due to the superior intellect and cunning of its naval commanders (represented by Hornblower). This is not the case. Napoleons defeat, for sure, was due to Britains leadership of the alliance against Napoleon, but never to the prowess of its naval commanders; 4) And, some of the historical events in the novel were blurred in favor of a general focus on the main character. This was intentional. If the historical events were emphasized, the character then would lose focus. The consequence: the reader would become intoxicated with already known facts (in short, the whole story would be boring). Whether intentional or not, the author failed to give an accurate account of the historical event Hornblower is located. Works Cited Forester, C.S. Lieutenant Hornblower London: London Publishing Company, 1952. Hall, C. et al. A History of England and the Empire-Commonwealth. London: Ginn Publishing Company, 1975.

Free Essays on Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches

The Constitution of the United States recognized the need for separate powers as well as checks and balances among the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Separation of powers prevents one branch from becoming excessively dominant over the other two. One of the biggest debates concerning the separation of powers is the attempt to determine which branch has the constitutional authority to undertake the involvement of war. This brings us to the argument of the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution passed by congress in 1973 in effort to balance powers between congress and the president. Another example used to illustrate the concept of the separation of powers is the ratification of the treaty of Versailles in 1919. The separation of powers, however, has caused conflicts among the tree branches, and consequences that paved the road of the US history took place. When it comes to declare war†¦ which branch has the constitutional authority to do so? Section 3 of the War Powers Resolution act states: "The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with the Congress until United Sates Armed Forces are no longer engaged in hostilities or have been removed from such situations." Section 3 of the War Powers Resolution is necessary for the perpetuation of democracy and its inherent system of checks and balances. The development of executive dominant role in war making has resulted in an attempt by congress to reassert its constitutional war-making powers. The War Powers Resolution (WPR) represents congress attempt to regain a degree of involvement in the nation decision to engage in war. Decisions t! hat presidents had made previously with little congressional participation. U... Free Essays on Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches Free Essays on Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches The Constitution of the United States recognized the need for separate powers as well as checks and balances among the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Separation of powers prevents one branch from becoming excessively dominant over the other two. One of the biggest debates concerning the separation of powers is the attempt to determine which branch has the constitutional authority to undertake the involvement of war. This brings us to the argument of the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution passed by congress in 1973 in effort to balance powers between congress and the president. Another example used to illustrate the concept of the separation of powers is the ratification of the treaty of Versailles in 1919. The separation of powers, however, has caused conflicts among the tree branches, and consequences that paved the road of the US history took place. When it comes to declare war†¦ which branch has the constitutional authority to do so? Section 3 of the War Powers Resolution act states: "The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with the Congress until United Sates Armed Forces are no longer engaged in hostilities or have been removed from such situations." Section 3 of the War Powers Resolution is necessary for the perpetuation of democracy and its inherent system of checks and balances. The development of executive dominant role in war making has resulted in an attempt by congress to reassert its constitutional war-making powers. The War Powers Resolution (WPR) represents congress attempt to regain a degree of involvement in the nation decision to engage in war. Decisions t! hat presidents had made previously with little congressional participation. U...

Litirature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Litirature review - Essay Example Strong leadership is a very important ingredient in the success of an organization. A change in the leadership of an organization might result in changes in the organization structure, strategies, policies and the way the organization does it business. Moreover, with the movement of a leader from the organization, the close subordinates also move with the outgoing leader which might result in substantial change in the management of an organization. At the same time, it is important that the employees of the organization must relate to the new leadership. It is important that whenever there is a need to change the leadership of organization, suitable candidates are identified as soon as possible. For this, it is important to identify and nurture young talent in the organization. The transition to a new leader shall be smooth so that the employees do not feel uncomfortable under the changed leadership. Any organization will, for surely have change in its leadership and because of the s ignificant changes undergoing during this period, it is important that the transition is managed in the best possible way. Hence it is important that the area of leadership transition and succession planning is carefully reviewed. This paper will analyze the already existing literature in the area of succession planning, its important and identify the best ways to manage leadership transition. ... Often the area of succession planning is concerned with the succession of leaders. Types of succession planning The process of succession planning needs a thorough understanding of the strategy of the organization. There have been various models of performing succession planning such as ‘relay succession’, ‘horse- race successions’ and ad-hoc succession. While in relay succession, the leaving person identifies an individual, and then grooms the person, horse-race successions are more competitive in nature and the Board decides the successor amongst many candidates. An ad-hoc succession involves selecting the best possible candidate who is present at that particular point of time. In case, firms are not able to identify a potential successor, boards often appoint an interim leader who occupies that position until a permanent person is hired for the position. Of all the ways, relay succession is the most common type of succession planning undertaken by compani es (Brickley et al., 1997). Relation between firm performance and succession planning Previous research has suggested that the performance of an organization is significantly impacted by the succession process adopted. More disruptive succession processes impact the performance of the firms negatively (Zhang and Rajagopalan, 2004). At the same time, the performance after a change in leadership is also impacted by actions of the successor and the internal and external situation of the change (Rowe et al., 2005). The success of a succession planning exercise depends on various factors such as involvement of the outgoing leader, sincerity of the performance review of all the candidates, accurate prediction of the talent need that might arise, and the consistency of

INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION Essay

INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION - Essay Example However, each unit works towards a single mission or vision of the organization in general. In this regard, the system approach to organization structure and management is superior to the general system theory. This is explained by the fact that synergy of the production of the different subsystems of the larger system enable an organization to effectively and efficiently achieve its objectives. Caro, Guevara and Aguayo (2003, p. 298) point out that the application of information system within an organization is congruent with the system approach of organization management and design. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) allows organizations to integrate the subsystems or units of an organization so that they work towards a common goal regardless of the uniqueness of their individual functionalities. Human resource is the most significant entity of a system or organization. As a result, the development of an information system by the IT professionals must involve human capital. This es say is a critical analysis, evaluation and discussion of the need for collaboration of HR with IT professionals in the adoption and implementation of an information system. The essay covers issues related to organizational preparedness in the implementation of an information system, the significance of all the stakeholders of the system, system approach and management approaches of the systems. It is through Enterprise Resource (ERP) planning that the achievement of an information system which integrates all units of an organization as a system is made possible. Bocij, et al., (2003) say that Porter’s Model which describes the implications of external forces on a system clearly demonstrates the significance of suppliers, buyers, new entrants, competition and substitution in an information system. Therefore it is argued that during the process of ERP, the design of an information system must give due consideration of the impact that the external factors and stakeholders have o n the success of an information system implementation. According to Elliot (2004), design of an information system must take into consideration of its suitability in meeting the objectives of the organization and the needs of the human resource, and the stakeholders of the organization such as suppliers and distributors. Moreover, the design of an information system must also be considerate of the competition so that its implementation gives the organization a competitive edge against the competition. Caro, Guevara and Aguayo (2003, p. 298) point out that the components of an information system illustrate the importance of integration of the designers or the system and the users. Information systems are composed of hardware, software, people, policies, procedures and data. Hardware and software represent the computing systems within the information system including business application software. The people within the information system are the individuals who use the information sys tem or users, the IT personnel and the administrators or managers of the system. Barros (2005) adds that the users of an information system include the human resource, suppliers, distributors and even agents of an organization. Procedures and policies are the guidelines and standards of the system which provide the appropriate approaches of implementing the information system. The data within any information system is composed of the statistics or quantitative data within the databases of the system which is usually synthesized into usable information. Dalcher and Brodie (2007) argue that for the implementation of an information system to be successful, all of its components must work in unison. This means that the componen

The Circulatory System and It's Importance Essay

The Circulatory System and It's Importance - Essay Example Because of what it does for man, the circulatory system can also be considered the most important one. Without the circulatory system, man will not be able to live. People usually associate the circulatory system with blood and they are not mistaken. In the most basic sense, the job of the circulatory system is to ensure that blood moves around inside man’s body, supplying the nutrients needed in order for all the parts of the body to function properly. While the blood carries the oxygen and nutrients to the body, it also collects the carbon dioxide from the same. If there is no proper flow of blood, the organs in the body will not be able to function well. The circulatory system can be divided into three parts: pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation and systemic circulation. The heart, lungs and bloods vessels are the major organs in each of these parts. Each individual part has its own unique process of blood circulation. â€Å"The successful circulation of each part r esults to an efficient distribution of blood throughout the body.† (Body) The heart The central organ in the circulatory process is the heart. Composed of four chambers that are divided by a wall, this muscle pushes 2,000 gallons of blood containing oxygen and nutrients into the body. (Dowshen) The heart sends the blood out through its pumping motion. â€Å"It beats about 100,000 times a day, more than 30 million times per year, and about 2.5 billion times in a 70-year lifetime (Dowshen).† The speed of the heart’s pumps depends on the kind of activity the body does. It pumps slower when the body is at rest and faster when the body is in motion. This is because man uses up more energy when immersed in activity. Energy comes from oxygen and oxygen comes from blood. The source of oxygen-rich blood is the heart. The four chambers of the heart can be grouped into two; namely, the upper and lower. The upper chamber or left and right atria receive the blood which has pa ssed through the different organs in the body. On the other hand, the heart releases the blood to be used from the lower chamber or left and right ventricles. Two cardiac valves separate the bottom part of the heart from the blood vessels that allow blood to the rest of the body. The pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery which goes to the lungs. The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta. The heart also has two major arteries which in turn gives blood to the heart. The right coronary artery allows blood into the right atrium, right ventricle and the bottom part of the right and left ventricle. In contrast, the left coronary artery pumps blood to the left atrium and the left ventricle. Because of the heart’s function in supplying blood, it can be said that the heart is the most important organ in the circulatory system. The blood vessels Blood moves around the body through three groups of blood vessels. Aside from those which deliver and release blood to and from the heart, there are also blood vessels responsible for distributing blood throughout the body and bringing blood back to the heart. The first group of blood vessels can be found in the heart. When leaving the heart, blood flows through two arteries. The aorta is the thickest blood vessel and carries blood with oxygen to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery, on the other hand, delivers blood to the lungs which converts oxygen-poor blood into oxygen-rich blood for the body to use. The second group of blood ve

Tescos strategy of expansion into China

Tescos strategy of expansion into China Present an insightful evaluation of the general strategy and one specific aspect of its international strategy. To do this you should analyse the financial strength of the business. You need to use recent data. You need to draw on an appropriate literature. Key issues for managers need to be clearly identified. You need to show how the specific strategy fits into the global plan. You need to set your report against the background of current global business challenges. You need to provide and evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the strategy. For example, Tescos strategy of expansion into China This report outlines the opportunities facing Tesco as a result of its international expansion strategy in Asia focussing on its current expansion in China. Layout Start with an executive summary. e.g. This management report sets out to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats associated with Tescos strategy of developing a strong presence in the retailing market in China. The specific strategy that is explored is that of developing four storey shopping malls. The move into China is part of a generic growth strategy by Tesco, particularly focussing on large emerging markets. The report shows that there are significant opportunities in a market that was worth  £600 billion in 2010. Challenges facing management involve making sure that all of the primary activities in the value chain are efficient and effective, and developing ongoing relationships in China to ensure a cultural fit between Tescos objectives, and strategies and those of stakeholders in China. Next introduce your organisation. 1.Tesco as an organisation Tescos scope Today Tesco is an international retailer of household goods, food, and clothing, as well as providing a delivery service and banking service in some markets. Tescos home market is the UK, but since 2005 the company has increasingly been developing its presence in new markets particularly continental Europe, the United States and Asia (including Thailand, South Korea, Indonesia and China). Tescos competitive strength Tesco is currently the worlds third largest international retailer after Wal-Mart and Carrefour. However, a recent report (2008, Global Retailing: Preparing for Change, IGD) forecasted that by 2012 Tesco will be in second position with an estimated growth rate of 12% compared with Carrefours 7%. Tescos strength rests in providing value for money offers supported by strong partnerships, and an effective supply chain. 2.Tescos strategies Tescos generic strategy Tesco has five main elements to its strategy. It is the first of these elements that this assignment focuses on in particular. The five areas are: 1.To be an international retailer 2.To maintain a strong core UK business 3.To be as strong in non-food as in food 4.To develop retailing service 5.And to put the community at the heart of everything we do. The retailing market in the UK has become saturated. Tesco is the leading player in this market account for  £1 in every  £7 of grocery sales. However, the potential to increase growth in the UK is limited faced by increasing saturation of the market and intense competition. Tesco is therefore increasingly focussing on the development of new international markets. This includes the development of Fresh n Easy stores in the US, and a range of new hypermarket formats in Asia. 2.2 Tescos strategy for China Tesco has targeted China as a particularly important growth opportunity. Tesco entered the Chinese market in 2004 by forming a 50:50 partnership with Ting Hsin Internal Group (with existing retailing outlets). Shenkar and Luo (p.319) argue that partner selection is widely recognised as a vital factor in Global Strategy Alliance success. They believe that benefits will only accrue through the retention of a partner that can provide the complementary skills, competencies, or capabilities that will assist the firm in accomplishing its strategic objectives. Ting Hsins competencies included existing experience in the Chinese market, and strong links with local and regional government. Ting Hsin was able to provide Tesco with know how in relation to local operating conditions (include local laws, and customer patterns). By 2006 Tesco was able to increase its stake in the partnership to a 90:10 relationship. In 2008 Tesco rebranded its stores as Tesco Legou (Happy Shopping) to localise the branding of the product. Fateh, K (2008. p.355) identifies the value for multinationals of developing hybrid international strategies combining global integration with host country focus. Tescos rebranding and focus on meeting the needs of local customers in China makes it possible to support locally developed products with the vast marketing and financial resources of Tescos headquarters office. 3 Tesco in China 3.1 Features of the market in China Currently grocery sales in China are worth  £600 billion (2010). There are 221 cities in China that are predicted to have more than one million inhabitants by 2025 compared with 35 in Europe now. It is urban dwellers in large cities that provide the target market for Tesco in China. In urban areas in China shopping malls have become particularly popular locations for supermarkets. In China there are fewer cars than in the UK (2 per 100 population). Tesco has already opened four lifespace shopping centres. A lifespace shopping centre is made up of four floors. The first floor contains the Tesco hypermarket. The other floors contain other shopping premises that may be leased to other companies to sell their goods often clothes and household items such as furniture. 3.2 Expansion in China Tesco is expecting to quadruple its annual sales in China between 2010 and 2015. The current strategy is to build 50 shopping malls in China by 2015 and to develop a further 30. 3.3 The advantages of the joint venture format Tescos partnership with Ting Hsin took the form of a joint venture set up for the purpose of ongoing cooperation (Stonehouse, G p.271). Ting Hsin already had 25 up market mall type stores in 25 locations. Tesco was therefore able to benefit from this substantial presence in the market in China. The benefits for Ting Hsin related to Tescos global buying power, reputation and the strength of finance that Tesco could bring to the table. 4.Tescos financial strength 4.1 Sales and profits Tescos 2010 Income Statement showed a sales revenue of  £57 billion from which it generated operating profits of  £3.4 billion. Tescos current strategy is that of growth. This growth strategy is built on sales growth. For the last ten years Tesco has generated operating margins in the UK of roughly 6%. However, sales growth in the UK is relatively slow. In the second quarter of 2010 sales growth in the UK was 5.3% (Tesco Income Statement, October 2010). 4.2 Tescos financial strength in Asia The first two Asian markets that Tesco entered since 2000 were Thailand and South Korea. Tesco is currently making operating margins in these countries of 5%. The table below highlights Tescos financial position in Asia: Sales and profits 2010 (Source: Tesco: Operating Report 2010) Asia Sales  £5,725m Asia trading profit  £228m Asia trading margin 4.6% Tesco is particularly interested in developing its presence in Asia. In the most recent annual company review (2010), the Chief Executive stated: Our important Asian markets in particular are emerging strongly from recession. In contrast, he pointed out that economic recovery in the UK is slow and steady. In the second quarter of 2010 Tesco reported the following figures for sales growth: UK 5.3% Group 8.8% Asia 27.7% 4.3 Tescos financial strength in China In 2010 Tescos sales in China were worth  £848m. The company reported that it was on the verge of breaking even in China. Tescos current strategy in China is to build 50 shopping malls in China by 2015 and to develop a further 30. 5 Tescos operations in China 5.1 Tescos focus areas Tescos original strategy involved focussing on three regional areas. These were city areas in which average incomes were relatively high and in which consumers were already exposed to international influences. The three areas were Shanghai as a hub for operations in Eastern China, Beijing in the North and Guangzhou in the South. 5.2 Core competences in China Tesco already source many products which go into its stores across the globe from Chinese manufacturers. It sources $1.1 billion of products from China a year. Tesco therefore has built strong relationships with local suppliers in China. Tesco has had many years of experience as a large retailer in developing supply contracts with suppliers in the UK. This is thus a core competence (Prahalad and Hamel, 1990) of the organisation. Core competences are those attributes of an organisation that give it a distinct advantage over competitors. Other core competences that Tesco has built in China include centralised distribution centres. These reduce the numbers of deliveries required to individual stores, thus resulting in substantial cost savings. Tesco has also developed own brand products for China the value brand, and Tesco Legou. Another core competence is that of developing relationships. This fits in with Tescos strategy of putting the community at the heart of everything we do (Tesco Strategy document). Tesco has 58 stores in 22 cities in China. The company employs 17,600 staff, 99% of whom are local to the store. Tescos experience of driving value through all aspects of the value chain (Porter, 1974) in the UK have been applied to its operations in China including the organisation of inbound and outbound logistics, supermarket operations, market research and customer service. 6 Management issues facing Tesco 6.1 Cultural complexity A key issue facing Tesco management in developing operations in China relates to levels of cultural complexity. Fateh (p.132) distinguishes between countries with low context cultures like the United Kingdom and countries with high context cultures such as China. The difficulty facing British managers in working in China is that some meanings and interpretations of events are not explicitly stated. This was an important reason for Tesco to create a joint venture partnership as a market entry strategy. By working with Chinese partners and Chinese managers Tesco has been able to deal with issues associated with cultural complexity and to develop strong networks of relationships within the local communities in which its stores have been sited. 6.2 Potential areas for difficulty Carrefour and other international supermarket chains operating in China have had difficulties in some areas with regards to gaining planning permission and licences to operate from local authorities. Initially Chinese government policy was to only allow Foreign Direct Investment in the sector in collaboration with a local partner. Although this requirement has since been relaxed Tesco has chosen to work closely with its local partner in order to develop strong community relationships and thus an ongoing licence to operate in the regions were its malls are cited. 7.Evaluation of the strategy 7.1 Break-even point Tescos has announced that it is currently at the point of breaking even in China (Financial Times, 2010). Today, Tesco recognise Asia as being the major area for its international growth strategy. This compares with ten years ago when the company was almost exclusively a UK retailer. The position is quite different today as shown by Tescos presence in Asia: Number of stores (2010) UK 215 Asia 186 Sales area space (ooo square feet) UK 31,285 Asia 28,838 Operating margins are slightly higher in the UK when compared with Asia (about 1p in the  £ higher), however, sales growth is much faster in Asia. Thailand and South Korea have already proved to be profitable markets for Tesco. 7.2 Competitive challenges The challenge facing Tesco in China is that it is a highly competitive market. Tesco is not the only company developing local partnership arrangements. Tesco has committed a substantial portion of its cash reserves and profits into investing in China. As shown in this report there are substantial economies of scale to be achieved by operating in central locations in Chinas thriving city areas. Key issues that managers need to face include ensuring ongoing strong relations with local partners and employees. Tescos competitive success rests in providing value for money products with relatively cheap prices. These competitive strengths go down well with Chinese consumers looking for value for money. 7.3 Credibility challenges Developing links in China requires working closely with local government authorities, and construction companies to develop new malls. It is essential that Tesco makes sure that the quality of workmanship on these new malls is to the highest planning and safety standards. It is essential in sourcing products from local suppliers to ensure that all products meet the same levels of safety standards that Tesco employs in its other outlets across the globe. The market in China is potentially the most substantial on the globe. Tesco already sources substantial quantities of its supplies from Chinese manufacturers. There is thus every possibility that Tescos international strategy of growth will yield high sales revenues and profits in China. Exemplar references. You need to reference all of the texts that you include in your work. E.g. Fatehi, K, (2008) Managing Internationally, Succeeding in a Culturally Diverse World, Sage, London. You also need to reference any information you get directly from company reports and websites. E.g. Tesco, 2010, Annual Report and Financial Statements.

Sir Isaac Newton Essay examples -- Biography Accomplishments of Isaac

Why do things fall when we drop them? How come we do not float as we would on the moon? Where do the colors of a rainbow come from? How long would it take to drive across Colorado if you are constantly changing speeds? All of these questions can now be answered, largely impart because of the great English philosopher, Sir Isaac Newton. In a time where religion was at war with science, Isaac Newton opened up people's minds to theories and reason. Isaac Newton was to be the starburst of the Enlightenment. He became the foundation of enlightened thought. It was the 17th century, the time of the Scientific Revolution. Many brilliant men contributed to this time, but it was Newton who solidified their thoughts and theories (Margaret, 10). Isaac Newton is one of the most influential people in the world. He not only invented so many new concepts and ideas, but he brought an understanding of the universe that we live in to people across the world. Isaac Newton not only c hanged the world with the invention of calculus, but also with his theory of light and color, and his invention of physical science and the law of universal gravitation (Margaret, 11). To begin with, Isaac Newton laid down the foundations for differential and integral calculus. It all began when Newton was enrolled at Cambridge College, the University that helped him along in his studies. Here, he began reading what ever he could find, especially if it had something to do with mathematics. He read books on geometry by Descartes, algebra books by John Wallis, and eventually developed the binomial theorem which was a shortcut in multiplying binomials (Margaret, 46). Newton was 22 at this time and he was already going beyond other people's thinking.... ...e began by mastering mathematics. He developed calculus in order for him to find the rate of change of objects. He learned about light and colors, which lead to his invention of the refracting telescope. He was the man that finally built a model of astronomy and physics and in doing so, brought together the work of Kepler and Galileo and of course his own findings on gravity (Margaret, 90). Newton was the first scientist ever to be honored with a knighthood for his work (Christianson, 138). Newton saw far, farther than anyone else at this time. He changed the world, and opened people's eyes. Work Cited Anderson, Margaret. Isaac Newton: The Greatest Scientist of All Time. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers; Revised edition, 2008. Christianson, Gale. Isaac Newton: And the Scientific Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Customer Inserts His/Her Name

Bermuda Bermuda is the oldest self-governing overseas region in the British Commonwealth; its 1968 constitution offers the island with official duty for internal self-government, while the British Government keeps hold of responsibility for, defense, security and external affairs. Queen Elizabeth II is the chief of state and she is represented by a governor, whom she assigns. Bermuda has a parliamentary structure of government internally and the premier is chief of government and head of the majority party in the House of Assembly.The cabinet is made up of ministers chosen by the premier from among associates of the House of Assembly and the Senate. (Greey & Nausbaum, 2008). Bermuda's initial political party, the Progressive Labor Party (PLP), was created in May 1963 with mainly black adherents, the two-party system was started in 1965 with the formation of the United Bermuda Party (UBP), which had the hold of the bulk of white voters and of few black voters. A third party, the Bermu da Democratic Party (BDP) was shaped in 1967; however it disbanded in 1970 and was later restored by the National Liberal Party (NLP).Bermuda's initial election was held on May 22, 1968 and the UBP won thirty seats of the House of Assembly while the PLP won 10 and the BDP lost the 3 seats which it had previously. The UBP kept on maintaining control of the government although theyd id this by reducing scope in the Assembly until 1998 when the PLP succeeded in winning the general election for the first time. Discontented goals, mainly among immature blacks led to short civil riots in December 1977 that followed the implementation of two men found culpable of the 1972- 1973 murders of Governor Sir Richard Sharples and other four.Ultimate independence from the United Kingdom (U. K. ) has been an ambition of the PLP from the time of the party's inception in 1963. The Premier (and PLP party leader) Alex Scott declared his decision to start an open and objective debate on the issue of inde pendence in Feb. 2004. Presently citizens of Bermuda are permitted to British citizenship that the British Overseas Territories Bill approved in February 2002 and this gives them automatic ownership of British citizenship that also includes automatic transmission of citizenship to their children, the right of abode, together with the right to live and work in the U.K. and the European Union (EU). Subsequently a harsh and divisive general election on December 18, 2007 took place which many forecasted would be extremely close, the Progressive Labor Party (PLP) under Premier Ewart Brown was back to power with the same number of seats as it had before going into the election. (U. S. Department of State, n. d. ). Reference Greey,M. & Nausbaum, D. (2008). Bermuda. MacMillan Caribbean. U. S. Department of State. (n. d. ). Bermuda. February 20th, 2009. Retrieved from: http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5375. htm

Negligence Essays and People’s Wrong Relations with One Another

Negligence Essays and People’s Wrong Relations with One Another Negligence essays, written on different issues and by different people, concern wrong treatment of the individuals, property, buildings, various mechanisms. Dealing with tort laws and criminal justice science, a person could say that negligence essays are very important for a criminal justice course. Having analyzed the concepts concerning the negligence essays, a person could say that negligence essays fully complete many people’s views concerning the tort laws and science connected with it. The following points are the most important concerning negligence essays: Degree of social harm. Different forms of negligence present various forms of social harm. Having fixed the bicycle insufficiently and let another person ride it may result in the person’s crash and bones’ fracture. Nuclear plant mechanism wrong usage, resulting in thousands of deaths, is quite a different matter from the instance mentioned in the first case. It means that potential degree of social harm and probability of its occurrence must be specially stressed in the negligence essays. Affecting other people. Negligence is not very severe when it concerns one specific individual. A person has a choice to live the life the way he/she considers necessary or even commit a suicide. However, when the other people’s lives are at stake, a person must be very careful and cautious. Nobody deserves the right to arrange other people’s lives or take it away from them. This point is very important to be mentioned in the negligence essays. Material loss and property wastes. Writing negligence essays, a person might stress the point of their influence on the human society and precautions that must be taken in order to avoid any tragedies, catastrophes and calamities. Having examined the most vital points of negligence essays, a person might say that he/she is more prepared for this life and its harshness.

Kroger Essay Example

Kroger Essay Example Kroger Essay Kroger Essay The site I found my information on about the salary range of my career choice is AMA American Medical Association. I believe this site is reliable because its a medical website that shows you different medical careers, it have a publications, mission statement, and AMA been around since 1847. While looking on the site it didnt have Health care manager it have Health information administrator, but its the same career. It have the salary range from 2003, so by now the salary should have gone up and from the 2003 salary range this is the career I want to go into. Starting Salary 40,000 Over average 54,700 Upper ranges 85,000 1 know that I would have to work myself up to the upper ranges, but would love to start at the over average. American Medical Association. (2003). Education. Retrieved from www. AMA-ass. Org/AMA/pub/education-careers/careers- health-care/health-care-income. Page Library Search Looking on the online library, I located a Journal article named Environment Scanning and the Health Care Manager. The article was very interesting to me because its for new managers coming into the work place making strategic plans for the environment that they are managing. It ivies me ideals of what I should do as a health care manager when I go into a health care facility. The article explains if you dont take the time to make strategic plans for environment the facility you work could get lose money, staff, or even close down. As a manager you should know what you are dealing with In the work place and make plans to deal with them.

Science and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Science and Ethics - Essay Example What are the pros and cons of genetic testing and gene therapy Are there dangers in genetic research that we should be aware of Will the human genome project ultimately benefit us How or why not Should we be allowed to alter the gene pool of populations What ethical issues are involved and where do you stand on these issues. How would you answer people who say, "I reject the possibility of evolution because evolution is only a theory; it's not a proven scientific fact" Why have disease organisms evolved Why do human diseases continue to exist Shouldn't they be eliminated by now according to Darwin's survival of the fittest What is the "population explosion" Does the United States or your home country need to be concerned about the impact of overpopulation Can we diminish population growth and its impact How Should we use these technologies to control the birth rate What are the cultural and ethical issues related to population control methods Every society has its moral codes and values. These moral codes are called ethics. They help society to differentiate between right and wrong. These moral rules should be implemented in every walk of life. They can not be ignored in certain special cases. It is quite important to consider ethical values, rights and wrongs in the field of Science as well. There should be certain limitations for conducting scientific experiments and testing. ... ed to be concerned about the impact of overpopulation Can we diminish population growth and its impact How Should we use these technologies to control the birth rate What are the cultural and ethical issues related to population control methods Assignment 7 Discussion: Issues of Sociobiology Why should humans be interested in the social behavior of animals Are animal studies relevant at all to the study of human behaviors Please elaborate on your position on this topic Assignment 1 Discussion of Biology: Science and Ethics Every society has its moral codes and values. These moral codes are called ethics. They help society to differentiate between right and wrong. These moral rules should be implemented in every walk of life. They can not be ignored in certain special cases. It is quite important to consider ethical values, rights and wrongs in the field of Science as well. There should be certain limitations for conducting scientific experiments and testing. There is a continuous debate going on in the modern societies about the limitations of scientific experimentation and testing. But everybody agrees that ethical values can not be ignored in science. As far as classification of moral codes is concerned they can be classified into two major categories according to consequences considerations. These two categories are Deontological ethics and Utilitarian ethics. In first category the validity of any action are judged according to religious teachings and rights and entitlements of various entities without considering the consequences. Whereas in second category validity is judged according to implications and consequences of any action. Scientists have to make certain ethical decision for experimentation and testing. Most of the decisions are made according

Emergence of Modern Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emergence of Modern Europe - Essay Example The age of enlightenment, also known as age of reason refers to the period of intellectual awakening known as enlightenment (Lindberg 2008 p. 18). It was a time of scientific awakening largely dominant in Europe. From the viewpoint of socio-political phenomena, enlightenment period is believed to have started close with the thirty years of wars and came to an end after the French revolution. This period called for use of reason as a means of developing and establishing an authoritative system of ethic, government, religion, and aesthetics, which will give human beings an opportunity to attain objective truth about reality of this world. The enlightenment thinkers believed that reason would salvage man from religious authoritarianism and superstition that had brought suffering, misery, and death to many people in religious wars. In addition, knowledge was made available to the masses through encyclopedias, which led to enlightenment cause of educating human beings. The age of enlighte nment just like the renaissance and protestant reformation, had a profound impact on society. The European States turned towards science between 1700s, which led to focus of life as experience of human being. By doing so, the enlightenment period influenced greatly on modern western European States. There were developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, and anatomy during that time that were successfully applied to medicine, astronomy, and mechanics. The usage of these ideas motivated a sense of western emergence into contemporary or modern time that had real and precise technological knowledge of this world. The philosophers at that time argued that science provided scientific method as general view of life. Popularization of science During enlightenment period, popularization of science led to growth and change in society in that individuals in the 18th century adhered to new codes of sociability and enjoyed equitability in society. Women who took part in the enlightenment de bate were seen as enhancing and promoting enlightenment ideas in the public arena. In addition, they were viewed as civilizing force determined to overthrow the old totalitarian regime (Bowler 2009, p. 89). The spread of enlightenment ideas across Europe was enhanced by production of cheap books by renowned philosophers such as Diderot and Voltaire. Scientific inventions like works of Isaac Newton and Copernicus changed mathematical philosophy of Europe in that people realized the need of creating new and orderly world and the need for integrating philosophy of science that would help in transformation of secular and religious life. People argued that if Newton was able to order the cosmos using his natural philosophy, it would also be possible to order the politics using political philosophy. During this, time people adopted new ways of ordering things based on divine right and natural law. Using divine rights, it led to creation of absolutist ideas while natural law would enhance liberty to human race. Some people argued that the universe was ordered by rational God and therefore, his representatives on this world had powers of God. This according to such thinking meant that Gods’ power translated to the powers of the monarchy. Natural law rose to react against such thinking of divinity with the aim of creating new order in society. They argued that God did not govern

Importance of Diversity in Most Organizations In the Global Market Research Paper

Importance of Diversity in Most Organizations In the Global Market - Research Paper Example However, this diversity which meant variations in beliefs as well as in attitudes had posed some challenging concerns for a wide array of companies and businesses all throughout the years. To manage such differences has happened to confront various organizations. The problem of diversity had been present for such a long time ago. In fact, the past of each organization had been marked by the discriminatory processes such as discriminating individuals because of certain preferences on individual’s race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, and others. In order to address this concern, the United States had even developed an anti – discrimination law. Currently, it had been mandated by the government that companies should forget about diversity through requiring a non – diversity rule on every organization. ... In this manner, the companies had gone further than just following the government legislation as they tried to use the differences among their employees for their own advantage. Despite the diversity issues, organizations had managed to recruit and retain those with best talents and skills to make the company work on its utmost efficiency. Aside from that, this global diversity had also contributed to the economic advantages of an organization. Given that diversity had been regarded first as a concern but this ever – growing diversity in the workplace could be leveraged to the advantages of an organization, the focus of this paper should delve on the importance of diversity in most organizations in order to be competitive in the global market at present. Basically, this paper would take into consideration looking at the current condition of organization’s management on global diversity. This paper also aimed at figuring out the importance of differences in the most orga nization which could be used for its own advancement. By this, this would also like to identify the types of diversity that could play a significant role in an organization. This would also seek to analyze the effectiveness of an organization as it had dealt with the concern on diversity. In this study, only one measure of whether organization or company had supported a management style which recognized and respected the differences of characteristics of individuals, was assessed. This research was limited in a number of aspects especially in the methodology that had framed the study. However, this would be supported by the qualitative data as well as the existing literatures. Meanwhile, the necessity to conduct this study could be backed up

Traditional Banking Essay Example for Free

Traditional Banking Essay The article â€Å"The decline of traditional banking: implications for financial stability and regulatory policy† by Franklin R. Edwards and Frederic S. Mishkin presents a very detailed and well researched exploration of the current movement of banks away from traditional banking. The authors describe their objectives as including an examination of the reasons behind the decline of traditional banking, and an identification of the effects that these would have on the stability and regulation of banks. The article meets these goals well, as it begins by demonstrating the complexity of the current banking situation and how/why balance sheets reflect information that go far beyond mere lending. The non-traditional methods of banking as well as the financial institutions that have evolved and crowded the banking market are also explored in detail. Finally, the authors expound on the ways that banks might improve their status in the financial market and maintain stable regulatory policies within such a highly competitive and unstable environment. Therefore, while in some areas the explanations were a bit awkward, overall the authors manage to unite the causes, effects, and possible remedies of the current problems being faced by banks, and this is done in a manner that demonstrates a deep understanding of the situation. The introductory pages of the article do give a very detailed picture of why the authors found it necessary to explore the decline of traditional banking. Traditional banking, they explain, dealt mainly with the issuing of long term loans financed by short-term deposits (Edwards Miskhin, 27). They provide evidence in the form of graphs and statistics, showing both the size of the decline in earnings from such traditional (financial) borrowing, as well as the share of non-financial borrowing granted banks and their competitors. The fact that both commercial and thrift banks’ non-financial borrowing declined by an average of 7% over a thirty-five year period demonstrates that significant decline has indeed taken place in their share of that market. The authors also give concrete evidence concerning the decline in these institutions’ returns on such holdings as assets and equity. Finally the authors demonstrate the trend in banks’ share in the market concerned with non-interest income. This increasing trend represents precisely the move away from tradition they have identified. The placement of these facts and charts was effective as a method of vindicating the authors’ decision to explore reasons for the decline in traditional banking. Edwards and Mishkin   go on to explore such areas as the decline in banks’ advantage as far as liabilities are concerned. This is demonstrated in terms of declining cost advantages, which as shown to have become a reality when other institutions found a way to capitalize on the banks’ financial privileges. They explained the fact that ceilings and other restrictions (at one time favorable to the banks) had been placed upon their ability to offer interest on certain types of deposits (such as checkable deposits). These regulations restricted their ability to be competitive at a crucial time in the market and therefore opened the doors for other lending institutions (exempt from such restrictions) to attract customers by offering higher interest. This serves as a cogent explanation of why banks have declined in this traditional area. Yet, the authors represent the complexity of the market by exploring a few other reasons why such decline has taken place. The existence of the new paper market (securities) has also been cited as a reason that adds to the complexity of the problem that banks now face (Edwards Miskhin, 31). The previously mentioned decline in banks’ lending to commercial entities is now explained by the fact that these businesses have been given the option of borrowing directly from the public through the issuance of securities. The authors also cite the rise of mutual funds and junk bonds on the money market as having an indirect effect on the market position of banks. They write, â€Å"The growth of assets in money market mutual funds to more than $500 billion created a ready market for commercial paper because money market mutual funds must hold liquid, high-quality, short-term assets† (31). This serves the explanatory purposes of the authors by demonstrating the sheer size and number of the alternatives to banks that exist on the financial market. The authors, Edwards and Mishkin, also explore some of the reasons why such alternative institutions have become such a threat to banks. Besides their ability to offer attractive alternatives to customers, these financial institutions have also demonstrated an ability to secure their assets. They explain these institutions’ methods of originating loans and then creating more loans from these. They write: â€Å"Advances in information and data processing technology have enabled non-bank competitors to originate loans, transform these into marketable securities, and sell them to obtain more funding with which to make more loans† (Edwards Miskhin, 32). The rise of financially capable technology has made easy these maneuvers by such non-bank facilities, and this has led to the current position of decline in banks’ traditional activities. The authors of the article also demonstrate the route that banks have had to take in order to combat the effects of being forced to share their market. They use graphs and data effectively to demonstrate the sharp climb in what had traditionally been considered risky types of loans. These graphs depict a rise in bank issuance of real estate loans, and further details the authors provide demonstrate that banks have had to stoop to lending to â€Å"less credit-worthy borrowers† in order to increase their financial viability in these tough times (Edwards Mishkin, 27 33). They also depict the methods chosen by banks to increase their activities that take place off the balance sheet. Banks have expanded into the market for financial derivatives, in which they serve as â€Å"off-exchange or over the counter (OTC) derivatives dealers† (34). In order to increase the authority of the article, the writers then provide in several charts concrete evidence of the different kinds of derivative deals in which actual banks have recently participated or mediated. Further evidence concerning the proportion of income banks have derived from these off-balance transactions serve to depict the extent to which they have effaced or replaced traditional banking. Edwards and Mishkin’s exploration of the nature of the risk faced by these banks in involving themselves in OTC activities demonstrates the extent to which these institutions have been forced by a declining traditional market to engage in alternate financial activities. Since their derivative activities have mainly been in the area of swapping interest rates, the risk involved in this can be seen to be high—though tempered by the fact that they â€Å"do not involve payment of principal amounts† (Edwards Miskhin, 38). Furthermore, the authors’ detailed explanation of swaps and the risks they carry aid the overall understanding of the type of risks banks have been forced to take in order to retain their profits. This leads to a better understanding of the extent to which traditional banking has been transformed. Finally, the authors Edwards and Mishkin go on to outline the regulations that have been put in place and the implications that they are likely to have for bank policies. The need for regulation is expressed in the evidence they produce from the GAO (U.S. Government Accounting Office). It explains that the discounts and insurance provided by Federal Reserve Bank accords to banks a level of security that might induce them to take higher risks that they would (or should) otherwise have taken. Regulations have therefore been made that allow only banks with good management and high capital to engage in some of the riskier types of non-traditional banking activities. Such activities include securities underwriting and trading, and dealing in the derivatives market. The inclusion of these explanations in the article demonstrates the thoroughness of the authors in identifying other reasons (beyond mere competition) why some banks have been or may be forced out of the financial business. The details of policy implications for banks given by the authors are shown to include regulations that strengthen banks’ ability to compete. These measures have also been shown to include the seeking of methods that prevent the fall of capital below certain levels (Edwards Mishkin, 40). In presenting the pros and cons of these ideas, the authors demonstrate and impart a thorough understanding of the intricacies of banking and further communicate the complexities of the business. The writers, through their efforts, also demonstrate the gravity of the situation that banks now face in their need to write policy giving them the ability to expand beyond their traditional financial market. Despite the overall clarity and detail of the ideas presented in support of the authors’ claims, a level of awkwardness does enter into a few paragraphs of this article. The awkwardness within this article mainly exists in the introductory pages, where Edwards and Mishkin enumerate (rather than explore) the reasons for and the extent of the decline in traditional banking. The confusing nature of the financial situation being faced by banks is translated to the work, as the writers continually meet their given reasons with qualifications to the effect that demonstrate the inadequacy of each explanation. They, for example, identify their measure of banks’ profitability over a period of time as â€Å"crude† and explain that other measures do not â€Å"adjust for the expenses associated with generating noninterest income† (Edwards Miskhin, 29-30). One gets the feeling that the writers might have taken the trouble to do the extra calculations in order to provide a more comprehensive view of the situation. However, they do provide much more detailed explorations in the ensuing paragraphs. This article by Edwards and Mushkin presents a very interesting and informative view of the current situation facing banks in today’s financial market. The traditional role usually occupied by banks as lenders has been undermined by the influx of non-traditional lending institutions. These institutions have taken the opportunity to provide lower-interest loans and higher-interest deposits to customers, thereby forcing banks to flee to riskier methods of gaining revenue. Policies that regulate banks’ behavior have become necessary as a result of this trend toward riskier business, and this has sparked ideas concerning policy making and the risks and benefits they would impart to all stakeholders. Work Cited Edwards, Franklin R and Frederic S. Mishkin. â€Å"The decline of traditional banking: implications   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   for financial stability and regulatory policy.† FRBNY Economic Policy Review. July (1995): 27-45.